Elliptical Structure

                ELLIPTICAL STRUCTURE

Pada kesempatan kali ini kita akan membahas tentang Elliptical Structure. Elliptical structure digunakan ketika suatu subyek melakukan suatu aktifitas dan pada waktu yang sama  ada subyek lain yang melakukan aktifitas yang sama.Jadi elliptical structure di gunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang kata kerjanya sama. Dalam bahasa Indonesia diartikan juga.Ini juga berlaku dalam kalimat negative.

Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut:

And ……Too	And + S + Aux + Too
	I eat an apple, and Ari does too
	I am eating an apple, and Ari is too
	I have eaten an apple, and Ari has too
	I ate an apple, and Ari did too
	I was eating an apple, and Ari was too
	I had eaten an apple, and Ari had too
	I will eat an apple, and Ari will too
	I can eat an apple, and Ari can too
	I am hungry, and Ari is too
	I was hungry, and Ari was too
And…….So	And + So + Aux + S
	You read a book, and so do I
	You are reading a book, and so am I
	You have read a book, and so have I
	You read a book, and so did I
	You were reading a book, and so was I
	You had read a book, and so had I
	You will read a book, and so will I
	You can read a book, and so can I
	You are sleepy, and so am I
	You were sleepy, and was I
And….....Either	And + S + Aux + Either
	Mary doesn’t go to the beach, and Toni doesn’t either
	Mary isn’t going to the beach, and Toni isn’t either
	Mary hasn’t gone to the beach, and Toni hasn’t either
	Mary didn’t go to the beach, and Toni didn’t either
	Mary wasn’t going to the beach, and Toni wasn’t either
	Mary hadn’t gone to the beach, and Toni hadn’t either
	Mary won’t go to the beach, and Toni won’t either
	Mary can’t go to the beach, and Toni can’t either
	Mary isn’t lazy, and Toni isn’t either
	Mary wasn’t lazy, and Toni wasn’t either
And Neither	And + Neither + Aux + S
	I don’t sleep, and neither do you
	I am not sleeping, and neither are you
	I haven’t slept, and neither have you
	I didn’t sleep, and neither did you
	I wasn’t sleeping, and neither were you
	I hadn’t slept, and neither had you
	I won’t sleep, and neither will you
	I can’t sleep, and neither can you
	I am not sad, and neither are you
	I was not sad, and neither were you

Adjective Clause

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Pada kesempatan kali ini kita akan membahas lebih jauh tentang Adjective Clause. Adjective Clause berfungsi untuk memberikan arti tambahan atau informasi lebih pada noun. 

Adjective Clause tidak bisa berdiri sendiri tanpa diikuti oleh main clause. Biasanya adjective clause terletak setelah noun.

Adjective clause juga dinamakan Relative Clause yang mempnyai makna sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun.

                      KEADAAN NOUN

I always read   the book    that you bring to school every day.

                                                     N                       Adjective clause

                Keterangan:

                I always read the book.

                  Main clause (induk kalimat)

                  That you bring to school every day.      

                             Sub clause (anak kalimat)

Ø   Kata “The book” adalah Noun, sedangkan”that you bring to school every day” adalah Adjective Clause yang menerangkan “the book” sebagai kata benda.

                  KEADAAN PRONOUN

Adjective clause juga dapat menggunakan kata-kata di bawah ini yang berfungsi adjective yang menyatakan keadaan pronoun, yaitu:

-  Who, digunakan untuk menyatakan subject orang.

- Whom, digunakan untuk menyatakan object orang.

- Whose, digunakan untuk menyatakan kepemilikan.

- Which, digunakan untuk menyatakan subject atau object dari benda/binatang.

 - That, digunakan sebagai pengganti posisi which, whom and who.

Example:

1. Penggunaan who       

                                   S

The man is friendly.  He lives next to me.

                                                              

                                        Who / that

-          The man who lives next to me is friendly.

      S     V

Atau

-          The man that lives next to me is friendly.

                                                     S     V

2. Peggunaan whom      

                                                 O        

The man was farmer. I met him

                                                                           

                                                  Whom / that

-          The man whom I met was a farmer.

-          The man that I met was a farmer.                 Artinya sama.

-          The man I met was a farmer.

Catatan: khusus untuk whom, kita dapat menghilangkan atau tidak perlu menggunakan whom/that untuk mempermudah kalimatnya.

3. Penggunaan whose

a.       Subject                         S

I know a girl. Her brother is a singer.

                                                                   

                                                   Whose  

                                I know a girl whose brother is a singer.

b.      Object

Mrs. Julia is a doctor. We often borrow her car.

                                                                                                                   

                                                                                        Whose

                                Mrs. Julia whose car we often borrow is a doctor.

4. Penggunaan which

a.       Subject                                 S    V

The motorcycle is expensive. It   has red color.

                                                             

                                                              Which/that

                                                                          S     V

                        The motorcycle which has red color is expensive.

                                                                           

                                                                                                   Atau

                                                                      S    V

                        The motorcycle that has red color is expensive.

b.      Object

The books are limited edition. I bought them

Which/that

The books which I bought are limited edition.

The books that I bought are limited edition.                 Artinya sama

The books I bought are limited edition.

Ø Ketika which dan that digunakan sebagai subject dari adjective clause, which dan that tidak dapat di omit (di hilangkan). Ø Sebuah Object Pronoun dapat di omit (di hilangkan) dari Adjective Clause dan memiliki arti yang sama.

Perhatikan tabel berikut:

The man is friendly.	The man who is talking to Jane is friendly
He is talking to Jane
I love someone	I love someone who is kind to everyone
He is kind to everyone
The woman was beautiful	The woman whom I met was beautiful
I met her
She likes a  man	She likes a man whom you met at the party last night
You met him at the party last night
An animal is a lion	An animal which lives in Africa is a lion
It lives in Africa
The soup was so salty	The soup which I had for lunch was so salty
I had it for lunch
The woman is my teacher	The woman whose husband you met is my teacher
You met her husband
I have a friend	I have a friend whose brother is a police officer
Her brother is a police officer

                Conjunction dalam adjective clause bisa diganti dengan that.

e.g.:       The woman whom I called gave me some information.

                The woman that I called gave me some information.

                Conjunction dalam adjective clause bisa di omitting ketika posisinya sebagai object  pronoun tetapi ketika posisinya sebagai subject pronoun, conjunction tidak bisa di omitting.

e.g.:       Correct                 : The person I visited was kind.

                Incorrect              : The man lives next to me is interesting.

Who dan whom kembali kepada manusia, sedangkan which kembali kepada benda. That bisa digunakan untuk manusia dan benda.